• Collective intelligence — the result of groups of individuals acting together in ways that seem intelligent. 3 important factors in this regard are: (a) social perceptiveness (guessing mental states of the other participant), (b) the degree of equal participation and (c) the proportion of women in the group (a higher proportion of women makes the group more intelligent) 

• Superintelligence with a formula to recognize it (as a group of individuals, their actions, interconnections and goals with respect to which evaluation can occur) 

• Consciousness of groups – the line of reasoning attributing consciousness to corporations such as Apple, calling them superminds, having analogous experiences to what we humans have. 

• Integrated Information Theory 3.0 – Due to a lack of any broad scientific consensus about how to measure consciousness, probably the best known and best developed attempt is the Integrated Information Theory. It defines different degrees of consciousness in different systems depending on how the information they process is integrated. 

• The origin of the word Robot and its introduction in 1920 by the Czech play R.U.R.: Rossum’s Universal Robot. 

• The logic of human destiny – at every stage of human development, there has been a tendency—not an absolute law, but a general tendency—for humans to form larger and larger groups that lead to a net improvement in human welfare.

• General collective intelligence understood as group versatility and adaptability.

• General AI as a form of collective intelligence – A “society of mind” emerges from the interactions of many smaller “agents,” none of which is very intelligent as an individual but all of which, together, create an overall system that is intelligent.

• Smarter Learning and two modes of learning – by Exploitation and Exploration

• Cyber-human learning loops will let machines watch humans prepare more complex returns and gradually learn what actions humans take in different situations. At first, the machines may just suggest actions to humans. Eventually, the machines can just automatically take the actions that humans always approve.

• How differences in structuring intelligent participants (hierarchies, markets and communities) correspond with needs.

• Human and cyber-sensing – letting the machines do the low-level sensing, then letting people do the higher-level reasoning.  “Our great-grandchildren may find it hard to understand how the organizations we belong to in the early 21st century could have made so many of their decisions with their eyes—figuratively—closed.”

Superminds
by Thomas W. Malone
⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
Published: May 2018
Length: 384 pages

Time to read: 9h

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